What Was the First Fanzine?

There are several candidates for the title of "First Fanzine." We discuss each of them below, starting with the earliest (which may or may not have existed and may or may not have been a fanzine) and ending with the earliest things that must be called a fanzine.

Cosmic Stories

This seems to have been a carbonzine published by Jerry Siegel while 14 years old and in high school which had two issues. It appears to have been all fiction. The big questions are (1) Did it actually exist? (2) When was it published and by whom? (3) How was it produced? (4) Was it an amateur prozine rather than a fanzine (and does that matter?)

(1) Did it actually exist?

There are plenty of references to Cosmic Tales as the First Fanzine, but they all seem to be traceable back to two sources: Sam Moskowitz in The Immortal Storm and the Pavlat-Evans index. Unfortunately, both of these 40s-50s sources say that they never saw the publication and did not believe any copies still existed. We have, so far, found no evidence of anyone (other than Siegel himself many years later) saying they personally saw a copy. Given that SaM and Bob Pavlat or Bill Evans believed it existed, it probably did -- but we need to remember the tenuous nature of the evidence.

On the other hand, in the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy Donald Tuck says the first fanzine was published in 1932.

Pavlat-Evans says:

Prior to Science Fiction, Siegel edited two typewritten magazines, Cosmic Stories and Cosmic Stories Quarterly. Apparently all copies of these last have been lost or destroyed.

A recent blog entry says:

Jerome Siegel's writing career began early in his life. When he was 14, he created his first comic booklet called Cosmic Stories, which was advertised in the classified section of Science Wonder Stories. It was later known as the first sci-fi fanzine and he continued to publish several other booklets over the next few years.

If we could find this ad, this would be strong evidence Cosmic Stories existed.

(2) When was it published and by whom?

Most of the sources say 1929, but in an article in Fantasy Commentator #8 p169, Sam Moskowitz says in the mimeo version of The Immortal Storm:

Enthused by Amazing Stories they presently produced Cosmic Tales and Cosmic Tales Quarterly, amateur, carbon-copied publications; these are the  earliest -- and rarest -- fan published "magazines"

[emphasis added]

Besides being described in the context of early prozines (see #4, below), the problem here is that here Moskowitz is crediting it to Jerry Siegel and Joe Schuster -- who did not meet until 1931 or 32. This raises a another doubt about the actual date.

It is entirely possible that the tale grew in the telling and Siegel inadvertently backdated his by-then-lost fanzine by a couple of years.

(3) How was it produced?

The second question is by what technique was it produced. The earliest references to Cosmic Stories say it was done by typewriter and carbon paper, but Jerry Siegel himself, much later, remembered it as being done by hecto and later still by mimeograph.

We are inclined to think it was done by typewriter and carbon paper (if at all) and that Siegel's later memory was faulty.

(4) Was it a Fanzine?

Finally, there's the question of content. All of the sources seem to agree that it was entirely fiction written by Siegel. The problem here is noted by a mundane article on "zines", https://www.wredfright.com/2009/07/what-was-first-zine.html which says,

However, if we're going to credit Siegel for [the first fanzine] then we've ripped open the floodgates because dating back at least to Victorian times, writers such as Lewis Carroll liked putting together private compilations in magazine form of their own writing. Most of these only exist in editions of one and were passed around Samizdat style but if we're going to base criteria on a print run more than one, then we have to note, as Harry Warner Jr. does in his "A History of Fanzines" (in Science Fiction Fandom, edited by Joe Sanders) that amateur publications devoted to fantasy fiction had appeared earlier such as W. Paul Cook's Recluse from 1927, most renowned for including an essay by H. P. Lovecraft called "Supernatural Horror in Literature".

This is a very telling point.

Bottom line: Cosmic Stories is something like a fanzine, but has not yet taken the final step which makes it unquestionably a fanzine.

The Comet

The Comet was definitely published starting in 1930 and edited by Ray Palmer. Copies still exist and you can see them on Fanac.org at The Comet online at fanac.org. (The zine had multiple titles, including Cosmology and Science Correspondence Club Organ.)

The only issue with giving the title of First Fanzine to The Comet (well, other than Cosmic Stories's possible senior claim) is that the fanzine was more about science than about science fiction. The Comet has the same problem as Cosmic Stories of being nearly indistinguishable from earlier, unequivocally mundane publications.

The Meteor

Forry Ackerman says he pubbed his first ish with The Meteor dated "before The Time Traveller". According to Pavlat-Evans, this was published for the Boys' Science Club starting at an unknown date prior to April 1931. But they also say that it was "apparently also [edited] by Forrest J Ackerman on the first issue or two" -- which they did not see.

This has to be considered a contender, but a weak one.

The Time Traveller

With The Time Traveller in 1932 (edited by Allen Glasser we come to something that was definitely real and definitely a fanzine as we understand the term.

Conclusions

• The Time Traveller was unquestionably a fanzine and is unquestionably earlier than anything else we're certain was a fanzine.
• The Meteor was earlier, but may or may not have been a fanzine which may or many not have had Ackerman as an editor.
• The Comet was even earlier, but may have been a mundane science club publication which happened to be edited by later SF noteable Ray Palmer.
• Cosmic Stories was probably earlier still -- if it existed -- and still suffers from the question whether it was a fanzine in any but the widest sense. Arguably if it was a fanzine, then so were even earlier publications, so, regardless, it wasn't the first fanzine. Nevertheless, its claim is good enough that it must be mentioned in any history of the beginning of fanzines.